Physical Science 2nd Ed Basic Set
Physical Science 2nd Ed Basic Set
Exploring Creation with Physical Science by Apologia
Table of Contents
Exploring Creation With Physical Science
Table of Contents
MODULE #1: The Basics......................................................................................
I
ntroduction ...................................................................................................
Atoms and Molecules ...................................................................................................
Experiment 1.1: Atoms and Molecules ..............................................................................
Measurement and Units.........................................................
The Metric System ............................................................. 8
Manipulating Units..............................................................10
Converting Between Units .................................................11
Converting Between Systems.............................................................................14
Experiment 1.2: Cubits and Fingers .................................15
Concentration ...................................................................17
Experiment 1.3: Concentration ......................................17
MODULE #2: Air .........................................................................................25
Introduction .......................................................................25
The Air and Humidity ........................................................ 25
Experiment 2.1: Evaporation and Temperature ................... 25
The Composition of Air ......................................................28
Experiment 2.2: Oxygen and Fire ....................................30
Carbon Dioxide in the Air 32
Experiment 2.3: Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect ...........33
Global Warming.................................................................36
Parts Per Million..........41
Ozone............................................................................42
Air Pollution.........................................................................44
MODULE #3: The Atmosphere .....................................................55
Introduction ...........................................................................55
Atmospheric Pressure........................................................................ 55
Experiment 3.1: Atmospheric Pressure ........................56
The Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere ..................................60
The Homosphere ...........................................................62
What Is Temperature? ............................................66
Experiment 3.2: Seeing the Effect
of Changing Temperature ......................................... 66
The Temperature Gradient in the Homosphere ................. 69
The “Hole” in the Ozone Layer ........................................... 69
The Heterosphere ............................................................73
ii
MODULE #4: The Wonder of Water ...............................
81
Introduction ..........................................81
The Composition of Water ...............................................81
Experiment 4.1: The Chemical Composition of Water ....................................................................... 81
Chemical Formulas........................................................................85
Water’s Polarity.....................................................86
Experiment 4.2: Water's Polarity ............................86
Water as a Solvent .......................................90
Experiment 4.3: Solvents and Solutes........................................................90
Hydrogen Bonding in Water ......................93
Experiment 4.4: Comparing Solid
Water to Solid Butter ....................................95
Water’s Cohesion ...........................................................97
Experiment 4.5: Water's Cohesion ...............................................................................................
....... 97
Experiment 4.6: The Forces Between Molecules................................................................................ 99
Hard Water and Soft Water ......................................................................................................
......... 100
MODULE #5: The Hydrosphere .....................................................................................................
.. 105
Introduction ...................................................................................................................
.................... 105
The Parts of the Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle.................................................................. 107
Experiment 5.1:Evaporation, Conde
nsation, and Precipitation ........................................................ 109
The Ocean......................................................................................................................
.................... 113
Glaciers and Icebergs ..........................................................................................................
.............. 116
Experiment 5.2: Ice and Salt ...................................................................................................
.......... 116
Groundwater and Soil Moisture ..................................................................................................
...... 120
Surface Water ..................................................................................................................
.................. 122
Atmospheric Moisture ...........................................................................................................
............ 122
Experiment 5.3: Cloud Formation................................................................................................
..... 122
Water Pollution ................................................................................................................
................. 126
MODULE #6: Earth and the Lithosphere........................................................................................ 131
Introduction .................................................................................131
The Crust ..............................................................................132
The Mantle ............................................................................ 133
Experiment 6.1: How Sound Travels
Through Different Substances ............................................... 133
Experiment 6.2: A Simulation of Plastic Rock .................. 136
The Earth’s Core ............................................................138
Experiment 6.3: Making an Electromagnet......................................................... 140
Plate Tectonics .................................................................. 144
Experiment 6.4: A Model of Plate Tectonics .................145
Earthquakes .................................................................148
Mountains and Volcanoes .............................................151
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